The History and Love Story of the Taj Mahal

The History and Love Story of the Taj Mahal The Taj Mahal is a beautiful, white-marble mausoleum built by Mughul emperor Shah Jahan for his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Located on the southern bank of the Yamuna River near Agra, India, the Taj Mahal took 22 years to build, finally being completed in 1653. The Taj Mahal, considered one of the New Wonders of the World, astounds every visitor not only for its symmetry and structural beauty, but also for its intricate calligraphy, inlaid flowers made of gemstones, and magnificent garden. The Love Story It was in 1607, that Shah Jahan, grandson of Akbar the Great, first met his beloved. At the time, he was not yet the fifth emperor of the Mughal Empire. Sixteen-year-old, Prince Khurram, as he was then called, flitted around the royal bazaar, flirting with the girls from high-ranking families that staffed the booths.   At one of these booths, Prince Khurram met 15-year-old Arjumand Banu Baygam, whose father was soon to be the prime minister and whose aunt was married to Prince Khurram’s father. Although it was love at first sight, the two were not allowed to marry right away. First, Prince Khurram had to marry Kandahari Begum. (He would later marry a third wife as well.) On March 27, 1612, Prince Khurram and his beloved, whom he gave the name Mumtaz Mahal (â€Å"chosen one of the palace†), were married. Mumtaz Mahal was not only beautiful, she was smart and tender-hearted. The public was enamored with her, in part because Mumtaz Mahal cared for the people, diligently making lists of widows and orphans to make sure they received food and money. The couple had 14 children together, but only seven lived past infancy. It was the birth of the 14th child that was to kill Mumtaz Mahal. The Death of Mumtaz Mahal In 1631, three years into Shah Jahan’s reign, there was a rebellion underway, led by Khan Jahan Lodi. Shah Jahan had taken his military out to the Deccan, about 400 miles from Agra, in order to crush the usurper. As usual, Mumtaz Mahal, who was always by Shah Jahan’s side, accompanied him, despite being heavily pregnant. On June 16, 1631, Mumtaz Mahal, in an elaborately decorated tent, gave birth to a healthy baby girl in the middle of the encampment. At first, all seemed to be well, but it was soon discovered that Mumtaz Mahal was dying. As soon as Shah Jahan received news of his wife’s condition, he rushed to her side. In the early morning hours of June 17, 1631, Mumtaz Mahal died in his arms. Reports say that in Shah Jahan’s anguish, he went to his own tent and cried for eight days. Upon emerging, some say he had aged, now sporting white hair and needing glasses. Mumtaz Mahal was buried right away, according to Islamic tradition, near the encampment at Burbanpur. Her body, however, was not to stay there long. Plans for the Taj Mahal In December 1631, when the feud with Khan Jahan Lodi was won, Shah Jahan had the remains of Mumtaz Mahal dug up and brought 435 miles (700 km) to Agra. The return of Mumtaz Mahal was a grand procession, with thousands of soldiers accompanying the body and mourners lining the route. When the remains of Mumtaz Mahal reached Agra on January 8, 1632, they were temporarily buried on land donated by nobleman Raja Jai Singh, near where the Taj Mahal was to be built. Shah Jahan, filled with grief, had decided to pour that emotion into an elaborate, exquisite, expensive mausoleum that would rival all those that had come before it. (It was also to be unique, being the first large mausoleum dedicated to a woman.) Although no one, main architect for the Taj Mahal is known, it is believed that Shah Jahan, who was already passionate about architecture, worked on the plans himself with the input and aid of a number of the best architects of his time. The plan was that the Taj Mahal (â€Å"the crown of the region†) would represent heaven (Jannah) on Earth. No expense was spared to make this happen. Building the Taj Mahal At the time, the Mughal Empire was one of the richest in the world and thus Shah Jahan had the means to pay for this huge venture. With the plans made, Shah Jahan wanted the Taj Mahal to be grand, but also, built quickly. To speed production, an estimated 20,000 workers were brought in and housed nearby in a newly built town for them called Mumtazabad. These workers included both skilled and unskilled craftsmen. At first, builders worked on the foundation and then on the giant, 624-foot-long plinth (base). On this plinth was to sit the Taj Mahal building as well as the two matching, red sandstone buildings (the mosque and the guest house) that flank the Taj Mahal. The Taj Mahal building, sitting on a second plinth, was to be an octagonal structure, first constructed of brick and then covered in white marble. Like in most large projects, the builders created a scaffolding to build higher; however, what was unusual was that the scaffolding for this project was built of bricks. No one has yet figured out why. The white marble was incredibly heavy and quarried in Makrana, 200 miles away. Reportedly, it took 1,000 elephants and an untold number of oxen to drag the marble to the Taj Mahal building site. For the heavy marble pieces to reach the higher spaces of the Taj Mahal, a giant, 10-mile-long, earthen ramp was built. The very top of the Taj Mahal is topped with a huge, double-shell dome that reaches to 240 feet and is also covered in white marble. Four thin, white-marble minarets stand tall at the corners of the second plinth, surrounding the mausoleum. Calligraphy and Inlaid Flowers Most pictures of the Taj Mahal show only a large, white, lovely building. What these photos miss is the intricacies that can only be seen up close. It is these details that make the Taj Mahal astoundingly feminine and opulent. On the mosque, guest house, and the large main gate at the southern end of the Taj Mahal complex appear passages from the Quran (often spelled Koran), the holy book of Islam, written in calligraphy. Shah Jahan hired Amanat Khan, a master calligrapher, to work on the inlaid verses. Masterfully done, the finished verses from the Quran, inlaid with black marble, look soft and gentle. Although made of stone, the curves make it look almost hand-written. The 22 passages from the Quran were reportedly chosen by Amanat Khan himself. Interestingly, Amanat Khan was the only person who Shah Jahan allowed to sign his work on the Taj Mahal. Almost more amazing than the calligraphy is the exquisite inlaid flowers found throughout the Taj Mahal complex. In a process known as parchin kari, highly-skilled stone cutters cut intricate floral designs into the white marble and then inlaid precious and semi-precious stones to form interwoven vines and flowers. The 43 different kinds of precious and semi-precious stones used for these flowers came from around the world, including lapis lazuli from Sri Lanka, jade from China, malachite from Russia, and turquoise from Tibet. The Garden As in many religions, Islam holds the image of Paradise as a garden; thus, the garden at the Taj Mahal was an integral part of the plan to make it heaven on Earth. The Taj Mahal’s garden, which is situated to the south of the mausoleum, has four quadrants, divided by four â€Å"rivers† of water (another important Islamic image of Paradise), which gather at a central pool. The gardens and â€Å"rivers† were supplied with water from the Yamuna River by a complex, underground water system. Unfortunately, no records have survived telling us what plants were originally planted in the Taj Mahal’s garden. The End of Shah Jahan Shah Jahan stayed in deep mourning for two years but even after that, the death of Mumtaz Mahal still deeply affected him. That is perhaps why the third of Mumtaz Mahal and Shah Jahan’s four sons, Aurangzeb, was able to successfully kill off his three brothers and imprison his father. In 1658, after 30 years as emperor, Shah Jahan was usurped and placed in the luxurious Red Fort in Agra. Not able to leave but with most of his usual luxuries, Shah Jahan spent his last eight years staring out a window, looking at his beloved’s Taj Mahal. When Shah Jahan died on January 22, 1666, Aurangzeb had his father buried with Mumtaz Mahal in the crypt beneath the Taj Mahal. On the main floor of the Taj Mahal, above the crypt, now sits two cenotaphs (empty, public tombs). The one in the center of the room belongs to Mumtaz Mahal and the one just to the west is for Shah Jahan. Surrounding the cenotaphs is a delicately-carved, lacy, marble screen. (Originally it had been a gold screen but Shah Jahan had that replaced so that thieves would not be too tempted.) The Taj Mahal in Ruins Shah Jahan had enough wealth in his coffers to support the Taj Mahal and its mighty maintenance costs, but over the centuries, the Mughal Empire lost its riches and the Taj Mahal fell into disrepair. By the 1800s, the British ousted the Mughals and took over India. To many, the Taj Mahal was beautiful and so they cut gemstones from the walls, stole the silver candlesticks and doors, and even tried to sell the white marble overseas. It was Lord Curzon, the British viceroy of India, who put a stop to all that. Rather than looting the Taj Mahal, Curzon worked to restore it. The Taj Mahal Now The Taj Mahal has once again become a magnificent place, with 2.5 million people visiting it each year. Visitors can visit during the daytime, where the color of the white marble seems to change depending on the time of the day. Once a month, visitors have the opportunity to make a short visit during a full moon, to see how the Taj Mahal seems to glow from within in the moonlight.   In 1983, the Taj Mahal was placed on the World Heritage List by UNESCO, but it now suffers from pollutants from nearby factories and from the humidity from the breath of its visitors.   Sources DuTemple, Lesley A. The Taj Mahal. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications Company, 2003.Harpur, James and Jennifer Westwood. The Atlas of Legendary Places. New York: Weidenfeld Nicolson, 1989.Ingpen, Robert and Philip Wilkinson. Encyclopedia of Mysterious Places: The Life and Legends of Ancient Sites Around the World. New York: Barnes Noble Books, 1999.

10 Types of Transitions

10 Types of Transitions 10 Types of Transitions 10 Types of Transitions By Mark Nichol Writing is simply a matter of expressing ideas, but as we all know, it’s not so simple after all. One challenge is to coherently connect those ideas. This post lists ten categories of words and phrases one can employ to signal a transition, with several examples for each type. These words and phrases can be used within a sentence as well as at the beginning. Note, too, that many can apply to more than one category. (These groupings are arbitrary, created for the sake of presentation; transitional terms can be organized in various ways.) 1. Addition â€Å"Also, I have to stop at the store on the way home.† â€Å"Besides, it would give me great satisfaction to help you.† â€Å"First, I’d like to thank you for inviting me to speak tonight.† 2. Comparison â€Å"In the same way, the author foreshadows a conflict between two minor characters.† â€Å"Likewise, the sequel was very successful.† â€Å"Similarly, we observed no differences in response rate.† 3. Concession â€Å"Granted, you did not ask ahead of time.† â€Å"Naturally, the final decision is up to her.† â€Å"Of course, he will want to examine the documents himself.† 4. Contrast â€Å"At the same time, what she said has some truth to it.† â€Å"However, I don’t see what that has to do with anything.† â€Å"Otherwise, how can they expect us to comply?† 5. Consequence â€Å"Accordingly, I have consulted with him for a second opinion.† â€Å"As a result, I’m not sure what to do.† â€Å"For this reason, we have decided to halt the project.† 6. Emphasis â€Å"Above all, we must exercise discretion.† â€Å"Certainly, he’ll find out for himself in time.† â€Å"In fact, they’re on their way right now.† 7. Example â€Å"For example, he could have asked for advice first.† â€Å"In particular, I draw your attention to the stain on the carpet.† â€Å"Namely, consider the consequences of your decision.† 8. Sequence â€Å"Earlier, you had mentioned a report.† â€Å"Eventually, we’ll see some improvement.† â€Å"Meanwhile, I’ve been waiting for you.† 9. Space â€Å"Below, you’ll find instructions for assembling the shelf.† â€Å"In the distance, he could see the approaching figure.† Off to one side, a package wrapped in plain paper caught her attention. 10. Summary â€Å"In conclusion, I see no reason to delay any longer.† â€Å"In other words, they’re incompetent.† â€Å"Therefore, your decision leaves me no choice.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Mostly Small But Expressive InterjectionsThe Letter "Z" Will Be Removed from the English AlphabetQuiet or Quite?

Have the welfare reforms enacted since the 1980s been successful in Essay

Have the welfare reforms enacted since the 1980s been successful in achieving their goals - Essay Example However, some decades later, the program was blamed for creating a dependent culture. This encouraged the government to institute reforms on the welfare sector. This paper will look at major achievements and challenges of welfare reforms since the 1980s. The Need for Reforms in Welfare Sector To the beneficiaries, the financial benefits derived from public welfare programs were better than most low paying jobs. Hence, most people preferred to remain covered by the welfare program than be employed. On the contrary, many people felt that there was a need for the government to continue providing welfare assistance since most of the beneficiaries were children under the Aid to Families with Dependant Children (AFDC) (Wax 2009). Under this program, families were living under comfort of assured of federal support. However, the new reforms on welfare have changed this situation by eliminating the guarantee. The choice of who to benefit from the welfare program in most countries depends on t he intended goal of a specific program. In basic terms, the main aim of major welfare programs is to get the target individuals out of poverty by making them self-reliant and thereby lead a better life. ... ility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PROWRA) of 1996 takes credit for helping reduce the number of people who are dependent on welfare (Grogger & Karoly 2005). Second, the reform removed the control of the welfare system from the hands of federal government and passed it to state governments. Third, the reform set some minimal requirements that a state has to meet in order to benefit from welfare services. The reforms saw the federal government give out welfare support in a flat rate on the basis of the population in the state. This succeeded in encouraging people to look for work as a way of lessening dependence on state welfare. The achievements of Personal Responsibility and Work opportunity Act reform were strengthened by the Temporary Reward for Needy Families (TANF) program. TANF replaced the AFDC which gave support to all needy families with needy children (Martin 2011). TANF required state governments to encourage the people to search for employment while receiving welfare assistance. This was the first time in the history of the welfare approach for the government to impose requirements to states and beneficiaries. The assistance was also limited to five years of a family’s lifetime. As a result, there has been a 60 percent reduction in welfare dependency due to rise in employment levels. However, the perceived reduction in caseload in 1990s due to the reforms is challenged to be as a result of strong economic growth in the economy of United States. Strong economy meant people were able to find better paying jobs, and hence become less reliant on welfare funds. Increase in Employment and Income of Single Mothers Even though the critics of early reforms had predicted dire consequences primarily to the single unemployed mothers, they stood to witness

Business Start Up Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Start Up - Assignment Example The person can also choose when to work and not to work when he is not highly motivated. This will give the person t produce high quality output. Working alone and being self-employed means being in control of all the decisions that has to make. The person gets to decide on his own business plan, his own quality assurance activities, pricing and marketing methods. At the sae time, there is a 100% job security; the person will never get fired. People usually do what they want to do unless they are otherwise motivated. They must be motivated by themselves or by an external stimulus. Motivation is, in effect, inducing others in a specific way towards goals specifically stated by the motivator. In an organization these goals, as the motivation system, must conform to the corporate policy of the organization. The motivational system must be tailored to fit the needs of the organization. Joining the world of the self-employed is very risky. Considering the freedom to choose how much time and when to work, who to work with, low operating cost, no hassle in beating the office hours, if everything goes well, earning more money is very possible without working for someone else, it is worth the risk. 2. Skills Required Entrepreneurship is a term in business that is always mistaken as something synonymous with small business. Basically, a businessman cannot be considered as an entrepreneur just by initiating the business, but rather by having a behaviour pattern that concentrates on opportunity rather than resources (Drucker, 2002). This behaviour can be applied in either small or corporate businesses, by any manager or leader. It can be said that referring entrepreneur as an individual who creates a business literally is incomplete, as the term also signifies most importantly a pattern of behaviour and attitude, and not just the tangible sole proprietor of the organization or the business. Churchill (1992) defined it "as the process of uncovering and developing opportunity to create value through innovation and seizing the opportunity without regard to either resources (human or capital) or the location of the entrepreneur - in a new or existing company" (p.586). Hofstede (1997) stated the definition of entrepreneurship in other terms, referring it as "a process that takes place in different environments and settings which causes changes in the economic system through innovations brought about by individuals who generate or respond to economic opportunities that create value for both those individuals and society" (p.352). In other words, it is considered as individual or organizational level phenomena, or the experience of continuously searching for growth through improvement and innovation. The entrepreneur must possess typical characteristics such as: the ability to take risks; innovativeness; knowledge on how the market functions; manufacturing know-how; marketing skills; business management skills; interpersonal skills, organizational skills (that I already have ) and the ability to cooperate (Buheiry, 1989). Possessed with such characteristics, entrepreneurs have shaped literally the economic condition of the world as we see it. They are the ones who are

The Effect of Non-Financial Compensation Essay Example for Free

The Effect of Non-Financial Compensation Essay The Effect of Financial and Non Financial Compensation to the Employee Performance Arik Prasetya†  and Masanori Kato Graduate School of Asia Pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University Beppu-shi, Oita-ken, Japan Abstract This study aims (1) to examine the employee responses in terms of their performance to an implementation of the compensation policy that includes both financial and non financial compensations, (2) to analyze the influence of both financial and nonfinancial compensation collectively and individually. This research was conducted at PT. Telkom Malang Regional Office, by a proportional random sampling technique with the sample size of 57 employees. The results of the descriptive statistical analysis of financial and nonfinancial compensation showed that the compensation policy of PT. Telkom Malang Regional Office is in line with expectations of employees. Based on the results of multiple regression analysis, there are significant influences of financial and nonfinancial compensation to the employee performance. However it was noted that promotion did not influence the employee performance in this company. Keywords: financial compensation, salary, incentive, non financial compensation, promotion, employee performance INTRODUCTION Job performance is influenced by many factors. According to Kreitner and Kinicki (2007), performance management is â€Å"continuous cycle of improving job performance with goal setting, feedback and coaching, and rewards and positive reinforcement†. In this study the focus was given to compensation scheme. An investigation was conducted at PT. Telkom Malang Regional Office to see how such factors of compensation scheme affect job performance of the employees. The question that prompted the current investigation was What degrees at which the salary, incentives, benefits, promotion, self-development, and work environment collectively or individually have influence on employee performance? . Compensation Compensation is one of the physical needs that influence motivation which in turn will affect the employee performance. Providing appropriate compensation within the meaning of fair and adequate to meet the requirements is one of the personnel department functions that are difficult to implement. Compensation includes the financial returns to the services renered by employees as part of employment relationships. Compensation is a form of rewards that flow to employees arising from their employment (Dessler, 1995). Compensation has a big influence in the recruitment of employees, motivation, productivity and employee turnover (Bernardin Russell, 1993). The level and magnitude of compensation should be of concern because the level of compensation will determine the lifestyle, self esteem, and the value of the company. Cascio (1991) describes that the principles that must be considered in granting effective compensation are: a. The principle of fairness, taking into account the ratio between the highest and lowest salaries, cost of living, and so forth. b. The principle of justice, where there should be a good element of justice in connection with the element of working time and job performance.

The Pelican Brief Essays -- essays research papers

The movie I had to review for criminal law and procedure is the 'Pelican Brief.'; At first I was unhappy to get this movie because I have never heard of it before. After watching it I was glad to get a movie that was interesting to me. The plot of the movie is as follows: In the opening scene of the movie they show Denzel Washington who is a reporter named Gray Grantham interviewing a Supreme Court Justice named Rosenberg. Then a scene later they show Darby Shaw, who is Louisiana, in a law class. The next thing that happens is a person who's name was not given goes to a hotel and was given an envelope with a picture of all the Supreme Court Justices in it and just two of them circled. About Two minutes later both of them were murdered. One of them in his house and the other one in a adult cinema. Then they show Darby in the house of her law professor whose name was Thomas Calahan. Who happened to be a clerk for Justice Rosenberg. Shaw then tells her professor who she is having an affair with that she is going to try and find out who murdered them. They show the President talking with his advisor and they are saying if the FBI can not solve who killed the Justices then maybe they should get someone else. After a while they go back to Gray who is on the telephone, with an unknown person at the time, and is talking about the murders and the person on the telephone is saying that he knows who killed the Justices. He traces the phone call to a pay phone and then goes there and...

Ramona and Beezus

Ramona has a very creative imagination but hilariously brings her to many mishaps in school and even at home. She is nine years old and very Jolly who takes things seriously that makes her brain works to create many ideas to solve a certain problem. She has this big sister named Beatrice who is shucked with a nickname Buzzes. According to Ramona, when she was very little and is starting to learn how to speak, she accidentally called Beatrice Buzzes because that's what little children do.They mispronounce words and sometimes get stuck in it. Buzzes and Ramona most of the mime has quarrels and arguments at home. Ramona said that her sister hates her very much because Buzzes calls her a pest. However, Ramona showed great respect for the elders even if they don't listen to what she wants to express and is misunderstood that performs many acts of silliness. Ramona continued her imaginative adventure until a problem in the family gone very far to the extent that their parent's quarrel over small things.What I like most about this movie is that it simply shows what happens at home in reality. Our relationship with our parent's and siblings brings us many memories and lessons in life such as understanding one's emotions, giving comfort, being patient, being kind, and being respectful. In the family, when one doesn't understand another, there'll be quarrelling and arguments which will lead to another problem. This is what I don't want to happen in my own family.Just like Ramona, I want to help my family solve some problems in my own little ways. I want to be productive and not be a problem to them. So, if there's a problem at home, I am really doing my very best to help. I really love Roman's adventures and this inspires me to be sensitive in other people's feelings. The movie also taught me to love my own family no matter what they are and who they are, because the family is the first group of people you can run to in times of trouble/ problem.They are truly God's gift that no other treasures I can compare. Finally, despite of the problems we encounter everyday, we must be like Ramona: Brave and full of Joy. We have to face our problems lightly in order for us to concentrate in seeking possible solutions to it. We have to bear in mind that no problems we can't endure if we only let God help us as what a famous quote says: A family that prays together, stays together.

 Benefits of encouraging and rewarding positive behaviour Essay

When it comes to behaviour it can be easy to focus on what we need to stop children from doing. The problem with this approach is that it does not help children know what they should be doing. This means that nowadays there is much more emphasis on encouraging positive behaviour . A good starting point is to think about the positive behaviour or goals that you should be encouraging in children. This may be outlined in your settings policy or you may need to observe what other staff seem to encourage. If you are working in a setting that several ages of children notice the way in which there are different expectations according to the age of the children Why encouraging and rewarding positive behaviour works 1. It helps children to learn what they need to do 2. It creates calmer environment and stronger relationships 3. Children respond well 4. Children learn from adults Skills and techniques for positive behaviour 1. Rewards 2. Attention 3. Praise 4. Star charts 5. Being given responsibility 6. Treats 7. Stickers 8. Timing 9. Explanation 10. Public acknowledged Settings for children and young people Children centres children aged 0-5yrs Day care facilcity children ages 0-5yrs A home setting children aged 0-8yrs Extended care children and young people 4-16yrs Youth activity club young 11-16yrs A reception class ks1 in a primary school A crà ¨che for children up to the age up to 5yrs Attention seeking What a child does Many children show attention seeking behaviour at times . it can be a sign of insecurity or in some cases mean that children have become used to having a lot of adult attention How to deal with it It is often best to ignore attention seeking behaviour unless it is dangerous as by challenging it you may be teaching children that they can get attention this way Biting What a child does Many toddlers bite especially if they are in group care. Biting is often linked to frustration and can become a habit How to deal with it Act immediately Give the victim attention first Once a child has bitten, it is likely that another bite will follow Behaviour problems that should be referred Biting, aggression, change of behaviour ,self-harming, bullying It is unusual for most settings to try a few strategies’ first before referring to other professionals sometimes unwanted behaviour is a result of a medical condition or learning difficulty while others might be linked to emotional difficulty that the child has table 2 shows some of the pros who may support the child and their family. GP family doctor This is often the first part of call as the family doctor will able to refer to others. Health visitor A health visitor may visit the family at home and give some advice. Educational physcologist The educational physcologist will look at the children’s learning and behaviour. Child psychiatrist A child psychiatrist will help children who may have metal health issues. Family counsellor A family counsellor may help work with whole family and child. Play therapist Children who have had some trauma may see a play therapist so that they can work on what has happened.

Introduction to the Coase Theorem

Introduction to the Coase Theorem The Coase Theorem, developed by economist Ronald Coase, states that when conflicting property rights occur, bargaining between the parties involved will lead to an efficient outcome regardless of which party is ultimately awarded the property rights, as long as the transaction costs associated with bargaining are negligible. Specifically, the Coase Theorem states that if trade in an externality is possible and there are no transaction costs, bargaining will lead to an efficient outcome regardless of the initial allocation of property rights.† What Is the Coase Theorem? The Coase Theorem is most easily explained via an example. Its clear that noise pollution fits the typical definition of an externality, or a consequence of an economic activity on an unrelated third party, because noise pollution from, say, a factory, a loud garage band, or a wind turbine potentially imposes a cost on people who are neither consumers nor producers of these items. (Technically, this externality comes about because its not well defined who owns the noise spectrum.) In the case of the wind turbine, for example, its efficient to let the turbine make noise if the value of operating the turbine is greater than the noise cost imposed on those who live near it. On the other hand, its efficient to shut the turbine down if the value of operating the turbine is less than the noise cost imposed on nearby residents. Since the potential rights and desires of the turbine company and the households are clearly in conflict, its possible that the two parties will end up in court to figure out whose rights take precedence. In this instance, the court could decide that the turbine company has the right to operate at the expense of the nearby households or that the households have the right to quiet at the expense of the turbine companys operations. Coases main thesis is that the decision reached regarding the assignment of property rights has no bearing on whether the turbines continue to operate in the area as long as the parties can bargain without cost. How Does It Work in Practice? Why is this? Lets say that its efficient to have the turbines operating in the area, i.e., that the value to the company of operating the turbines is greater than the cost imposed on the households. Put another way, this means that the turbine company would be willing to pay the households more to stay in business than the households would be willing to pay the turbine company to shut down. If the court decides that the households have a right to quiet, the turbine company will probably compensate the households in exchange for letting the turbines operate. Because the turbines are worth more to the company than quiet is worth to the households, some offer will be acceptable to both parties, and the turbines will keep running. On the other hand, if the court decides that the company has the right to operate the turbines, the turbines will stay in business and no money will change hands. This is because the households arent willing to pay enough to convince the turbine company to cease operation. In summary, the assignment of rights in this example didnt affect the outcome once the opportunity to bargain was introduced, but the property rights did affect the transfers of money between the two parties. This scenario is realistic: In 2010, for example, Caithness Energy offered households near its turbines in Eastern Oregon $5,000 each not to complain about the noise that the turbines generated. Its most likely that in this scenario, the value of operating the turbines was greater to the company than the value of quiet was to the households, and it was probably easier for the company to proactively offer compensation to the households than it would have been to get the courts involved. Why Would the Coase Theorem Not Work? In practice, there are a number of reasons why the Coase Theorem may not hold (or apply, depending on context).  In some cases, the endowment effect could cause the valuations elicited in negotiation to depend on the initial allocation of property rights.  In other cases, negotiation may not be feasible either due to the number of parties involved or social conventions.

How to write a college student resume (with examples)

How to write a college student resume (with examples) If you’re in college, you have probably done a lot of thinking about what comes next. What you’re studying, as well as the internships and knowledge you’re picked up along the way- those are all a big part of that future. So how do you wrangle that information into a successful resume, when you don’t yet have a ton of work experience? We can help! Let’s walk through three different resumes for different types of post-college jobs. First up is Keenan, who is hoping to land his first job as a marketing assistant.Download this resume in ms wordKeenan Jones1212 University Place, Apt. 3FMilwaukee, WI 67676(111) 222-3333Keenan.S.Jones@universityemail.eduTech-Savvy, Energetic College Student Seeking a Growth Role in MarketingSUMMARYMotivated, high-achieving honors student with strong written and verbal communication skillsAdept at working as part of a creative team to accomplish goalsWell-versed in current social media platforms and trendsEDUCATIONWestern Wisconsin State UniversityBA, MarketingAnticipated graduation: May 2018Cumulative GPA: 3.87RELATED COURSEWORKGoing Viral: 21st Century Marketing (Western Wisconsin State Marketing Department), Fall 2017Develop sample marketing campaigns as part of a teamDiscuss and evaluate best practices and real-world examples of social marketing strategiesPublicity Basics (Western Wisconsin State Marketing Department), Spring 2017Analyze historical and current trends in methods of publicityReview core concepts of public relationsDevelop marketing and publicity plans based on real-world examplesWriting for Social Media (Western Wisconsin State English Department), Fall 2016Review standard proofreading and copyeditingDevelop writing strategies to maximize messaging and brand awareness in various social media formatsMARKETING WORK EXPERIENCEHealthFirst Industries, Milwaukee, WISummer Marketing InternSummer 2017Provided administrative support to a 10-person Marketing teamParticipated in campaign and brainstorming meetingsMonitored HealthFirst’s Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter accounts and interacted with consumersKEY SKILLSSocial media platforms (including Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, and WhatsApp)Adobe Creative SuiteMicrosoft Office SuiteMeeting time-sensitive deadlinesWriting creative, cogent, targeted text for marketing purposesLeading team members to deliver projects in a timely mannerKeenan’s resume is very targeted and focused on his marketing-specific skills and experience. He makes his intent very clear- a position in marketing- and builds the rest of his narrative around that fact. Hiring managers understand that someone coming right out of school is likely to have a ton of work experience, especially in the field. So to show the reader what he does have, Keenan emphasizes the practical skills he has (social media), as well as the skills he’s picked up as both a student (the Related Coursework section) and an intern (the Marketing Work Experience section). Keenan doesn’t need to include every marketing class he’s taken as a student, but picks the ones where he gained a lot of practical, hands-on knowledge that may relate to an entry-level job in marketing.Next, let’s look at Mireille, who is prepping a resume for a campus job fair.Download this resume in ms wordMireille Hopkins1056 Barnes Street, Apt. 2Boston, MA 23232555-666-7777MHopkins@emaildomain.eduAward-winning financial whiz with expertise in auditing and reportingWORK EXPERIENCEFinance InternPrinceton Weitz LLCSeptember 2017 – presentProcess month-end financial reports as part of the Auditing teamAssist with audits of external customersReconcile balance sheetsPost journal entriesPerform general office support (including meeting setup and taking/distributing meeting minutes)Program AssistantGrant College Accounting and Finance DepartmentSummer 2016 Summer 2017Answered phones and directed visitors to the college’s Finance and Accounting officesCollated course packets for professorsManaged summer orientation programs for incoming Finance and Accounting studentsVOLUNTEER EXPERIENCEMath TutorGrant College Academic Help CenterOctober 2014 – presentAssist fellow students with math homework and skill developmentSimplify complex mathematical concepts for ease of learningSKILLS SUMMARYComplex financial auditingSOX Compliance expertise and compliance with legal guidelines and best practicesAccurate financial accountingDetailed and accurate reportingLearning and using software for reporting and complianceCreating presentationsMicrosoft Office expertiseEDUCATION EXTRACURRICULARSGrant College, Wellesley, MABA, Accounting/BA, ManagementExpected graduation: December 2017Treasurer, Grant College Student GovernmentAugust 2016 – May 2017Co-Captain, Grant Gophers women’s basketball teamSeptember 2013 – May 2017AWARDS HONORSDean’s List, 8 consecutive semestersHonors Scholar program (anticipated, pending completion of honors thesis and graduation)Chairman’s Award in Finance and Accounting, 2016Mireille wants to use her campus’s job fair to help line up her first job out of college. And to do that, she knows she needs to stand out from a crowd of other people (like her fellow classmates) to get attention from the financial firms attending the fair. Mireille has some work experience as an intern in her field, so she leads with that after an eye-catching headline (award-winning!). She doesn’t include odd jobs that she may have had in high school and college, but does include jobs that have a bearing on her current career goals (working as an intern, and working as part of her school’s own Accounting and Finance department). Because the career fair is happening on campus, she doesn’t really need to emphasize her school- the reader will already know that she goes to Grant College, and Mireille’s resume instead emphasizes the points she wants them to remember most.Remember that at a job fair you only have a few minutes to present yourself to recruiters. So while you can’t really tailor your resume to each potential job opening/company, you can make it as specific as possible to your industry and emphasize the personal points you want to hit. The best way to make your brief chat with recruiters memorable is to hand them your resume up front, then point out the highlights on the page as you mention them in your conversation.And last but not least, we have Karen, who is seeking a job as an administrative assistant as her first job out of school.Download this resume in ms wordKaren Thompson 35 Springfield Street, Apt. 7G Las Vegas, NV (777) 444-5555 KTThompson@emaildomain.eduOBJECTIVEHard-working, recent college graduate with office and internship experience looking for a position that leverages strong organizational and communication skills into a growth role.SKILLSProficient in Microsoft Office (pa rticularly Word, Excel, and PowerPoint)Maintaining calendars and meeting schedulesOrganizing staff and public eventsSpeaking multiple languages (fluent in English and Spanish, partially fluent in French)Graphic designCreating presentationsDemonstrating a personable, enthusiastic attitudeEDUCATIONMarburg College, Sacramento, CAB.A., Comparative Literature, 20173.8 GPA (4.0 scale)Minored in History and Music TheorySpanish Club Secretary (3 years)Swim team member and student treasurer (2 years)EXPERIENCEThe Anderson Gallery  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   San Francisco, CA Receptionist (part-time)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10/2016 – presentAnswer phones and greet guests for one of San Francisco’s top art galleriesProvide administrative support to the curators and an administrative staff of fourCoordinate curator/artist meetingsMaintain the order and cleanliness of public gallery areasOrder refreshments and supplies for openings and other public gallery eventsDeMarque Creative  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   San Francisco, CA Administrative Intern  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  6/2016 – 8/2016Provided administrative support for the six-person Graphic Design departmentFacilitated meetings and coordinated follow-up materials for attendeesCoordinated meetings and calendarsScanned and digitized archival content for newly implemented digital filing systemAs a literature major (with additional work in history and music), Karen is not necessarily seeking a job that’s related to her major. And that’s totally okay! Sometimes you’ve got to pay bills while you figure out your longer-term career goals. And to that end, Karen wants to take the good skills and experience she does have- particularly as an intern and receptionist- to show that she has the baseline skills to be a good admin. To do this, she uses a clear objective, and a highlight reel of the skills she wants to emphasize most. Her experience bullet points show the w ork she has done already in this field, even though she has only worked as an intern and part-time receptionist so far.If you’re a college student or a recent grad crafting your first real-deal resume, the most important thing to remember is that you do have skills and experience, even if you haven’t worked full-time in the field. Take inventory of your classes, your internships, your volunteering, everything. Anything that shows leadership, include it. Anything that taught you more about the field you want to be in, include it. Anything that shows escalating responsibility, include it. Even hobbies can have a place in your resume, if they’re related to the job you want. Good luck!

Case study- Word Processing Support in a Government Agency Essay

Case study- Word Processing Support in a Government Agency - Essay Example Equipment upgrades was a viable solution, but the department received additional funding to purchase new equipment for one worker. Another way to solve the problem was hiring new employees. The agency approved the creation of two new positions for the department, but there are governmental constraints that freeze the hiring of new employees for 6 months. It is the job of the manager to find immediate solutions to increase the productivity of its work staff. In order to increase the productivity the manager has to utilize sound human resource principles to instill motivation in his current staff. Jack is the most experienced worker on the staff. His production has always been averaged. Past events have contributed to Jack’s lack of motivation. He feels he was passed up for management position years ago when the current manager and he were on the same career path. This conflict needs a resolution in order to increase the value of Jack contribution and allow this valuable asset to achieve his potential. An intervention with a professional consoler in with the participation of Jack and the manager could help resolved this past conflict. One resolve Jack could be given a higher leadership role in the team in order to motivate Jack to produce more. Dianne is a member of the staff that is currently an obvious weakness due to her being the least productive worker of the staff. Dianne is young and talented, but her work equipment is practically obsolete. Dianna youth and enthusiasm could be better utilized if she is allowed to blossom. The budget allocated for equipment should be given to Dianna. The employee with the potential to achieve a greater jump in productivity is the one that has the biggest room to operate. Being the worst performer even getting her to do average output would imply substantial productivity gains. Being that Dianna is a recent college graduate she would